《科學》（20240614出版）一周論文導讀

編譯｜李言

Science, 14 JUN 2024, VOL 384, ISSUE 6701

《科學》2024年6月14日，第384卷，6701期

材料科學Materials Science

Spectrally engineered textile for radiative cooling against urban heat islands

通過輻射冷卻對抗城市熱島效應的光譜工程紡織品

▲ 作者：RONGHUI WU, CHENXI SUI et al.

▲ 鏈接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl0653

▲ 摘要：

我們通過分子設計開發了一種中紅外光譜選擇性分層織物（SSHF），其發射率在大氣透射窗口中占主導地位，最大限度地減少了來自周圍環境的凈熱增益。

由于納米微混合纖維結構的強烈米氏散射，這一材料具有0.97的高太陽光譜反射率。當材料在白天被垂直放置在模擬室外城市場景中時，它比太陽反射寬帶發射器低2.3°C，并且具有出色的可穿戴性能。

▲ Abstract：

We developed a mid-infrared spectrally selective hierarchical fabric (SSHF) with emissivity greatly dominant in the atmospheric transmission window through molecular design, minimizing the net heat gain from the surroundings. The SSHF features a high solar spectrum reflectivity of 0.97 owing to strong Mie scattering from the nano-micro hybrid fibrous structure. The SSHF is 2.3°C cooler than a solar-reflecting broadband emitter when placed vertically in simulated outdoor urban scenarios during the day and also has excellent wearable properties.

海洋化學Ocean Chemistry

Biogenic-to-lithogenic handoff of particulate Zn affects the Zn cycle in the Southern Ocean

鋅顆粒的生-巖轉換影響南大洋中的鋅循環

▲ 作者：J. DUAN, R. CLOETE et al.

▲ 鏈接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh8199

▲ 摘要：

鋅（Zn）對海洋生物至關重要。浮游植物對鋅的積極吸收導致溶解鋅的大量消耗，而與顆粒有機物結合的鋅通過再礦化作用補充海洋中的溶解鋅。然而，我們發現鋅顆粒從細胞中與磷酸基結合的鋅轉變為南大洋水柱中包括生物二氧化硅、粘土、鐵、錳和鋁的氧化物的頑固無機池。

無機池的豐度隨深度增加而增加，是沉積物中唯一保存的。鋅顆粒形態的變化影響了鋅的生物利用度，并解釋了水柱中鋅與磷的解耦，以及鋅與硅的相關性。這些發現揭示了海洋鋅循環的一個新維度，暗示了無機鋅顆粒的作用及其對生物生產力的影響。

▲ Abstract：

Zinc (Zn) is vital to marine organisms. Its active uptake by phytoplankton results in a substantial depletion of dissolved Zn, and Zn bound to particulate organic matter replenishes dissolved Zn in the ocean through remineralization. However, we found that particulate Zn changes from Zn bound to phosphoryls in cells to recalcitrant inorganic pools that include biogenic silica, clays, and iron, manganese, and aluminum oxides in the Southern Ocean water column. The abundances of inorganic pools increase with depth and are the only phases preserved in sediments. Changes in the particulate-Zn speciation influence Zn bioavailability and explain the decoupling of Zn and phosphorus and the correlation of Zn and silicon in the water column. These findings reveal a new dimension to the ocean Zn cycle, implicating an underappreciated role of inorganic Zn particles and their impact on biological productivity.

地球科學Earth Science

Human activities shape global patterns of decomposition rates in rivers

人類活動塑造了全球河流分解速率模式

▲ 作者：S. D. TIEGS, K. A. CAPPS et al.

▲ 鏈接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adn1262

▲ 摘要：

利用纖維素為基礎的分析來反映植物碎屑的主要成分，我們為全球分布的514條河流中的纖維素分解率建立了一個預測模型。分解率預測中存在大量重要的變量，這強調了這一過程在全球范圍內的復雜性。

當預測的纖維素分解率與屬級凋落葉質量屬性相結合時，可以高精度地解釋此前研究已得出的凋落葉分解率。我們的全球研究提供了地球上大量未被研究區域的分解率估計，并揭示了人類活動主導的大陸尺度區域中存在的快速分解情況。

▲ Abstract：

Using a cellulose-based assay to reflect the primary constituent of plant detritus, we generated a predictive model (81% variance explained) for cellulose decomposition rates across 514 globally distributed streams. A large number of variables were important for predicting decomposition, highlighting the complexity of this process at the global scale. Predicted cellulose decomposition rates, when combined with genus-level litter quality attributes, explain published leaf litter decomposition rates with high accuracy (70% variance explained). Our global map provides estimates of rates across vast understudied areas of Earth and reveals rapid decomposition across continental-scale areas dominated by human activities.

物理Physics

Probing structural superlubricity of two-dimensional water transport with atomic resolution

用原子分辨率探測二維冰的超潤滑現象

▲ 作者：DA WU, ZHENGPU ZHAO et al.

▲ 鏈接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado1544

▲ 摘要：

在這項研究中，我們使用qPlus型掃描探針顯微鏡直接成像石墨烯和六方氮化硼表面上二維冰的原子結構和輸運。由于表面靜電的不同，二維冰島的晶格與石墨烯表面不相稱，而與氮化硼表面相稱。

石墨烯表面的面積歸一化靜摩擦隨著冰島面積的增加而減小（約-0.58），表明石墨烯具有超潤滑行為。相比之下，氮化硼的摩擦對面積不敏感。分子動力學模擬進一步表明，石墨烯上的冰島摩擦系數可以降低到小于0.01。

▲ Abstract：

In this work, we directly imaged the atomic structure and transport of two-dimensional water islands on graphene and hexagonal boron nitride surfaces using qPlus-based atomic force microscopy. The lattice of the water island was incommensurate with the graphene surface but commensurate with the boron nitride surface owing to different surface electrostatics. The area-normalized static friction on the graphene diminished as the island area was increased by a power of ~–0.58, suggesting superlubricity behavior. By contrast, the friction on the boron nitride appeared insensitive to the area. Molecular dynamic simulations further showed that the friction coefficient of the water islands on the graphene could reduce to <0.01.

醫學Medicine

Integrated platform for multiscale molecular imaging and phenotyping of the human brain

人腦多尺度分子成像和表型的集成平臺

▲ 作者：JUHYUK PARK, JI WANG, WEBSTER GUAN et al.

▲ 鏈接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adh9979

▲ 摘要：

我們開發了一個平臺，可以同時從同一個人的大腦中提取單個細胞的空間、分子、形態和連接信息。該平臺包括三個核心元素：用于大規模組織的超精密切片而不失去細胞連通性的振動切片機（MEGAtome），用于人體器官尺度組織的多路多尺度成像的聚合物水凝膠組織處理技術（mELAST），以及用于重建多個腦板之間三維連通性的計算管道（UNSLICE）。我們利用這個平臺在多個尺度上分析人類阿爾茨海默病的病理，并展示人類大腦中可擴展的神經連接映射。

▲ Abstract：

We developed a platform that simultaneously extracts spatial, molecular, morphological, and connectivity information of individual cells from the same human brain. The platform includes three core elements: a vibrating microtome for ultraprecision slicing of large-scale tissues without losing cellular connectivity (MEGAtome), a polymer hydrogel–based tissue processing technology for multiplexed multiscale imaging of human organ–scale tissues (mELAST), and a computational pipeline for reconstructing three-dimensional connectivity across multiple brain slabs (UNSLICE). We applied this platform for analyzing human Alzheimer’s disease pathology at multiple scales and demonstrating scalable neural connectivity mapping in the human brain.

Metabolic inflexibility promotes mitochondrial health during liver regeneration

代謝不靈活性在肝臟再生過程中促進線粒體健康

▲ 作者：XUN WANG, CAMERON J. MENEZES et al.

▲ 鏈接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj4301

▲ 摘要：

我們報告在肝臟再生過程中，由于無法通過線粒體β氧化從外周脂肪酸產生乙酰輔酶a，電子傳遞鏈（ETC）功能失調的肝細胞的增殖受到抑制。丙酮酸或醋酸酯產生乙酰輔酶a的可選模式在ETC功能障礙的情況下受到抑制。

這種代謝不靈活性迫使對ETC功能線粒體產生依賴，從丙酮酸中恢復乙酰輔酶a的產生足以使ETC功能失調的肝細胞增殖。我們提出，通過限制ETC功能失調細胞的擴張，可以使得肝細胞內的代謝不靈活性變得有益。

▲ Abstract：

We report that during liver regeneration, proliferation is suppressed in electron transport chain (ETC)–dysfunctional hepatocytes due to an inability to generate acetyl-CoA from peripheral fatty acids through mitochondrial β-oxidation. Alternative modes for acetyl-CoA production from pyruvate or acetate are suppressed in the setting of ETC dysfunction. This metabolic inflexibility forces a dependence on ETC-functional mitochondria and restoring acetyl-CoA production from pyruvate is sufficient to allow ETC-dysfunctional hepatocytes to proliferate. We propose that metabolic inflexibility within hepatocytes can be advantageous by limiting the expansion of ETC-dysfunctional cells.